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Sunday 27 May 2018

Blavatsky - Responses to recent racism allegations

The occult and politics relation is a theme that has garnered quite an interest lately and so Blavatsky's name comes up in this context. Fortunately, Blavatsky has her defenders, who are capable of giving well-researched, articulate and thoughtful responses, thank you very much:
 
 

Good basic overview of the question:
From the Editor's Desk: Was H.P. Blavatsky a Nazi?
Printed in the Summer issue of Quest magazine. 2015
In any event, neither HPB nor her followers have ever, to my knowledge, taught or practiced racial discrimination. As we've just seen, she herself rejected the notion of superior and inferior races. And the Society's First Object is "to form a nucleus of the universal brotherhood of humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste, or color" an ideal that Theosophy, as far I can see, has always tried to fulfill. Neither Blavatsky nor Theosophy is above criticism. No one is. But they are entitled to an appraisal that is fair and honest. To call them racist is neither.
Citation: Smoley, Richard."From the Editor’s Desk: Was H.P. Blavatsky a Nazi?" Quest 103.3 (Summer 2015): pg. 82.
 
Fascism and the Occult: Is There a Connection?
Mitch Horowitz - November 2 2016
Blavatsky’s Theosophical Society combined the symbol with other religious images – including the Egyptian ankh, the star of the David, and the Sanskrit character “om” – to design its organizational insignia. For Theosophy, the swastika represented karma and rebirth; its inclusion among the other symbols was intended to express the unity of all faiths.
 
check out the nice online support for this piece: 
Gary Lachman: There's absolutely no evidence that HPB was fascist - in fact, fascism as a political movement didn't exist during her lifetime. There is absolutely no evidence that she in any way nurtured or abetted the rise of Nazism. As Mitch makes clear, some of her ideas were misappropriated by some racial minded 'occultists' and mythographers and used for dubious purposes. But she had as much to do with this as Jesus had with the Inquisition - and readers of The Brothers Karamazov know that if Jesus came back during the Inquisition, he would have been burned at the stake. HPB here suffered the same fate as Nietzsche, another architect of the modern world whose ideas were misappropriated by the Nazis - who soon dropped him when it was clear that reading him would turn young Germans against the Fuhrer. There is evidence that HPB was progressive-minded, not conservative, and I suspect that the only reason she has not been appropriated by feminists is because of the occult connection. She was democratic by nature - unlike Crowley - abjuring her aristocratic inheritance and embracing a variety of people of all walks and ways of life. Unlike H P Lovecraft, who wrote dismissively of Theosophy, she was in no way racist, living happily among the Jews, Italians, and other immigrants - of which she herself was one - on the Lower East Side that Lovecraft despised as he made his way among them during his few years in NYC.
https://www.facebook.com/mitch.horowitz.1/posts/10154180184206701
 
Was Blavatsky a plagiarist and devil-worshipping racist? March 20 2017
When, just before her death, Blavatsky was asked to write a book in question and answer format that would answer the many occult and philosophical questions put to her over the years, her followers suggested that she adopt the title 'Master' for her answers. She was both horrified and angered in equal measure by this suggestion, for she had never claimed to be anything more than a student of the Mysteries she taught. Nor would she accept the accreditation 'teacher' either, much less 'guru'. Finally, it was agreed that she be identified simply by the word 'Theosophist' and her questioner as 'Enquirer' as you may read in the published book—The Key to Theosophy. In the same book Blavatsky was asked: "What do you consider as due to humanity at large?" The answer she gave was: "Full recognition of equal rights and privileges for all, and without distinction of race, colour, social position, or birth (The Key to Theosophy p. 230-231). Are these the words of a plagiarist and devil-worshipping racist? You decide!
http://www.occult-mysteries.org/blavatsky-plagiarist.html
 
Shocking new campaign against Theosophy?
Steven Otto - October 2017
Roy Eckardt (leading scholar of Christian-Jewish relations and former chairman emeritus of religion studies at Lehigh University in Bethlehem) has asserted that the foundation of antisemitism and responsibility for the Holocaust lies ultimately in the New Testament, That's a truth we don't read about, but from such horrific and stupid lies, that the Third Reich was an occult or pagan state and that Theosophy, a doctrine of philanthropy, common sense, unity, was a base of such a contemptible system.
 
Answering Back: How to Reply to Slanders against Theosophy
Steven Otto Quest magazine Summer 2019  
 
Responding to Lies about H.P. Blavatsky
United Lodge of Theosophist, England
Of all the lies and misrepresentations which abound regarding H.P. Blavatsky, one of the worst is the ridiculous insinuation that she was a racist and that after her death her writings and theories strongly influenced Adolf Hitler and Nazism. There could be little more slanderous, offensive, and downright wrong than such a claim.
https://blavatskytheosophy.com/responding-to-lies-about-h-p-blavatsky/   

Former Academician Theosophical now American Minervan does not shy away from these questions:
New York Times Profiles Tony Hovater: H.P. Blavatsky, an Anti-Semitic influence on Nazis?
Dominique Johnson - 19 Dec. 2017
Researchers not familiar with Theosophical History are most likely to check for sources likely in such places, despite those sources admitting that “spirit guides” exist, by claiming H.P. Blavatsky was a mere medium, madwoman, or both. Historian, Ronald Hutton described Blavatsky as “one of the century’s truly international figures,” whose ideas gained “considerable popularity.”
 
Theosophy, Aryans and Zurvanism: Concerning Nazi Aryanism and Remnants of Indic Civilization
Dominique Johnson - 9 May 2018
“If to-morrow the continent of Europe were to disappear and other lands to re-emerge instead; and if the African tribes were to separate and scatter on the face of the earth, it is they who, in about a hundred thousand years hence, would form the bulk of the civilized nations. And it is the descendants of those of our highly cultured nations, who might have survived on some one island, without any means of crossing the new seas, that would fall back into a state of relative savagery. Thus the reason given for dividing humanity into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR races falls to the ground and becomes a fallacy.” (Helena P. Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol. 2, p. 425)
Adolf Hitler’s Religion and Ideological Influences in National Socialism
Dominique Johnson  - May 22 2018

Article on the history of the Swastika:
Stop the outrage: India doesn’t have a monopoly on the symbol used to protest Modi’s UK visit – Ranjit Hoskote – November 15, 2015
Another source for the revival of the swastika in European popular culture was the Theosophical Society, established in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky, Colonel Olcott, and William Quan Judge. The Theosophists generated a persuasive world religion compounded from Hindu and Buddhist ideas, as well as occultist and utopian themes that they distilled from the fertile and febrile neo-religious imagination of late 19th-century Europe and North America. At its highest point, Theosophy counted many thousands of individuals across the world among its believers, and with its transreligious appeal, seemed well placed to rival the more established forms of belief.
 

Sunday 20 May 2018

Blavatsky, the Occult & Right-Wing Politics


If I had to read every strange conspiracy theory article that mentions Blavatsky and Nazism, I would probably go a little batty. Nonetheless, 2017 saw a lot of these notions appear in more mainstream platforms, so here is a sampling of some the debates that are currently out there. The truth is out there. Trust no one.  

A good article on mystical influences in US politics
Steve Bannon and the occult: The right wing’s long, strange love affair with New Age mysticism
Mitch Horowitz - Apr 23, 2017
Generations of occult writers echoed Blavatsky’s theme of America as a Holy Grail among nations, possessed of a “secret destiny,” as Manly P. Hall put it, and thus married esoteric spirituality to patriotic ideals. This partnership has flourished out of view of most mainstream observers—and significantly impacted American culture, including the look of our currency.
 
An article on Julius Evola :
Meet The Philosopher Who’s A Favorite Of Steve Bannon And Mussolini
Jake Romm - February 10, 2017 
 
Article contends Blavatsky supported Darwin, whereas she was actually highly critical of his racial theories:
THE REAL RACISTS
The true leftist identity of the so-called 'far right'
Exclusive: Scott Lively stresses Darwin's role in legitimizing 'Aryan supremacy'
 
We don't really know what Tony Hovater thinks of Blavatsky, because the reporter openly admits to not having asked him:
Racists Are Threatening to Take Over Paganism
Blavatskys work is also admired by modern racists like Tony Hovater, the Nazi sympathizer next door,who was profiled by the New York Times in 2017 and worked as an organizer for the recently disbanded Traditionalist Worker Party.
 
Catholic Review of Kurlander book:
We should never forget the Nazis sinister occult roots
Francis Phillips -Tuesday, 22 Aug 2017
 
Christian Fundamentalist article on new age spirituality and Nazism. The passage on Blavatsky is incorrect:
The Blood of the Saints
Ray Yungen May 11, 2017
 
Strange Christian Fundamentalist conspiracy theory quoting from Isis Unveiled:
A BUDAFUL FLOWEROR SOMETHING MORE SINISTER? DO YOU TRUST FACEBOOK?
May 13, 2017 Dianne Marshall

Sunday 13 May 2018

Blavatsky Book Review: Peter Staudenmaier Between Occultism and Nazism


With works such as these, it is becoming clearer that the Theosophical Movement had a certain social impact during the period of the two world wars and historians are beginning to note the historical importance thereof.
 
There have been some lively exchanges between Staudenmaier and anthroposophists and a full-fledged work appeared a while ago:
Peter Staudenmaier Between Occultism and Nazism
Anthroposophy and the Politics of Race in the Fascist Era.
Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2014. vii + 412 pp.
His knowledge of theosophical historical scholarship seems quite thorough. His knowledge of Blavatsky seems cobbled together from secondary sources. Page eleven has an acceptable analysis of her concept of spiritual evolution but on page 12, there is an quick shift to Annie Besant’s writings. Some would argue that there are considerable differences between the two and that the period between 1895 and 1910 was a critical period when the shift occurred. Unfortunately, Staudenmaier does not give an account of this issue. It is also unfortunate that there is such little research on Franz Hartmann. (Presumably, these issues were not the focus of the book, as he has written elsewhere about all these points, such as Steiner's extensive reworking of Blavatsky's original concepts, so he presents all these points in a rather hyper-compressed first chapter). Overall, it seems a more tempered attitude toward Blavatsky than his earlier "Anthroposophy and Eco-Fascism".
https://brill.com/view/title/24927
 
Review by Stefan Arvidsson:
A critical remark regarding Staudenmaier’s focus on “race” would be that he refrains from providing a comprehensive portrait of Steiner’s esoteric ideas and worldview. Such a picture, even one constructed quickly with broad strokes, would give the reader an idea of the relative importance of the notion of race for Steiner’s thinking, and it would also give the reader a hint about what other issues the anthroposophical and the Nazi imaginations could attract or repel.
 
I might have missed scholarly discussions along Hansson’s lines; in that case, I look forward to taking part of them in the future.1 I also believe this to be an important path to follow because the study of esotericism often tends to isolate itself from the study of modern religion and culture in general; anthroposophy is of course the perfect bridge between the obscure world of occultism and the overarching intellectual and cultural history.
 
The contemporary persona of anthroposophy as an internationalist, humanistic and even “female” movement that experiments with different crops and “eurythmic” dances actually brings anthroposophy back closer to (the persona of) the Theosophical Society that Steiner and his allies disparaged and broke away from to craft a purely Western mysticism on German soil.
 
1 The editor kindly reminds me that Wouter Hanegraaff ’s New Age Religion: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought (Leiden: Brill, 1996) emphasizes the importance of Naturphilosophie for the rise of modern esotericism, and furthermore informs me that this track is followed for the case of Steiner in Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland: Theosophische Weltanschauung und gesellschaftliche Praxis, 1884–1945, 2 vols. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007) and in Egil Asprem, The Problem of Disenchantment: Scientific Naturalism and Esoteric Discourse, 1900–1939 (Leiden: Brill, 2014).
correspondencesjournal.com/ojs/ojs/index.php/home/article/download/20/21
 
Review by Olav Hammer:
For anybody interested in the intersection between religion, race, and politics, this book is a goldmine of information. The author has painstakingly examined immense amounts of published and archival materials and shows how anthroposophical race theories intersected in many and complex ways with extreme right-wing ideologies.
 
Presumably, this article is a tacit response to the reception of the Kurlander book:
The Nazis as occult masters? It’s a good story but not history
Peter Staudenmaier – June 2017
The problem with this alluring image is not just that it is false. The myth of Nazi occultism is more than an amusing curiosity, a testament to the power of cinematic suggestion. It actively detracts from a historical understanding of the very themes it highlights. It yields a distorted view of Nazism and a distorted view of occultism. But it also offers an occasion for critical reflection, a chance to see how we might make better sense of the tangled history of occultism in the Nazi era. It might even help us to understand Nazi evil and the not-so-hidden forces behind it.
 
Another recent historical study on Nazism and the Occult:
Revisiting the "Nazi Occult": Histories, Realities, Legacies
Monica Black, Eric Kurlander
Boydell & Brewer, 2015 - Germany - 297 pages
 

Sunday 6 May 2018

Blavatsky Book Review: Eric Kurlander, Hitler’s Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich


We will be wrapping up coverage of 2017 this month with a spate of material on Nazism and the occult and more on the 70th anniversary of Indian Independence. Kurlander’s book got considerable mainstream attention. Blavatsky, I think, due to the considerable rehabilitation of her reputation in the last 20 years (and the work of Goodrick-Carke), is treated fairly respectfully, considering the subject matter. Fortunately, Julian Strube gives a knowledgeable, accurate and insightful review, showing how more critical and nuanced current research is, and showing how the work, although having some interesting intuitions and some good research, simply relies too much on uncritical use of sources. More work could be done, for example in the early formative period of the ariosophical current when theosophists Hubbe-Schleiden and Franz Hartmann, were still active (following the solid pioneering study of Corinna Treitel in chapter four of her 2004 work, The Science of the Soul). Moreover, there is a need to examine Blavatsky’s writings more specifically, although the situation is improving. The rising interest in Nazism in the occult, should spur the need to improve the level of research in that area.

Kurlander’s knowledge of Blavatsky is sketchy; sadly, a problem found among many scholars. He relies on inaccurate secondary sources and so just on page 15 one can point out at least two errors: she did not plagiarize Bulwer-Lytton and she did not use the term ‘Great White Brotherhood’. I do think there is a need to have a new book on this subject, because the Goodrick-Clarke book was a decent first shot, but a little primitive by today's standards, and there needs to be a more level-headed response to all the popular conspiracy theory books out there. Unfortunately, this book, although adding updated information, has important flaws. I don't think that addressing conspiracy theories by adding more conspiracy theories is the optimum approach for this type of subject matter. But it's good that esoteric studies in academia are growing in such a way that more mainstream historians are throwing their hats in the ring.
 
Julian Strube
Book Reviews / Correspondences 5 (2017) 1–10
Eric Kurlander, Hitler’s Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich, New
Haven/London: Yale University Press 2017. ISBN: 9780300189452
Among the steady stream of publications devoted to the relationship between esotericism and National Socialism, Eric Kurlander’s study is one of the rare examples of a serious contribution to an old debate. It offers a most welcome critical perspective that sets it apart from the scholarship of recent decades, most significantly Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke’s The Occult Roots of Nazism (1985) and Corinna Treitel’s A Science for the Soul (2004). In contrast to these studies, which were highly cautious about claiming actual links between esotericism and National Socialism, Kurlander establishes the central argument that “National Socialism, even when critical of occultism, was more preoccupied by and indebted to a wide array of supernatural doctrines and esoteric practices than any mass political movement of the interwar period” (xiv).

However, it is exactly these strengths that make this study especially ambiguous, as the lines between solid research and the full spectrum of sensationalist, biased, and spurious literature are frequently blurred. These sources may be distinguishable for experts, but not necessarily for others, which makes their appearances at the core of a serious academic study particularly misleading.


A small sampling of some of the reviews, generally supporting the book without noting Strube's critiques:


Hitler’s Monsters: A Supernatural History of the Third Reich
Joseph Laycock
Journal of the American Academy of Religion, lfx082,
https://academic.oup.com/jaar/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jaarel/lfx082/4788654

Supernatural Histories, German and American
January 19, 2018 by Philip Jenkins
http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2018/01/supernatural-histories/

Jason Colavito - 8/25/2017
Of course I disagree with the strong anti-theosophical stance of the review, but otherwise, I think part of of his argument is valid. i.e. one could find significant ties of the occult with politics in many countries, and not Germany specifically, although I don't necessarily think they automatically correlate with extreme right-wing racist fascism.

Did Hitler’s obsession with the occult lose him the war?
Robert Carver June 2017
https://www.spectator.co.uk/2017/06/did-hitlers-obsession-with-the-occult-lose-him-the-war/

The Nazis Were Obsessed With Magic
Rebecca Onion August 2017
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2017/08/an_interview_with_historian_eric_kurlander_about_his_book_hitler_s_monsters.html

Gods and Monsters